{"id":1969,"date":"2026-04-04T04:37:08","date_gmt":"2026-04-04T04:37:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/?page_id=1969"},"modified":"2026-05-26T03:42:37","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T03:42:37","slug":"what-is-fullerene-c60","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/ja\/about-fullerene\/what-is-fullerene-c60\/","title":{"rendered":"\u30d5\u30e9\u30fc\u30ec\u30f3C60\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u3067\u3059\u304b"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c{justify-content:space-between;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c > .gspb_row__content{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto;width:100%;flex-wrap:wrap;}.gspb_row{position:relative;}div[id^=gspb_col-id]{box-sizing:border-box;position:relative;}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c{min-height:420px;}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c > .gspb_row__content{width:var(--theme-container-width,1200px);}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c > .gspb_row__content{max-width:var(--theme-normal-container-max-width,1200px);}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c{margin-bottom:80px;}@media (max-width:999.98px){#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c{margin-bottom:80px;padding-top:220px;}}@media (max-width:689.98px){#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c{margin-bottom:60px;padding-top:200px;}}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c{background-size:cover;background-position:50% 40%;}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c{background-image:url(https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/pexels-pixabay-356040-scaled.jpg);}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c:hover{background-size:cover;}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c > .gspb_backgroundOverlay{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:-1;}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c > .gspb_backgroundOverlay{background-color:#0f1a1791;}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c{isolation:isolate;}<\/style>\n<section class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-row alignfull gspb_row gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c\" id=\"gspb_row-id-gsbp-9ba959c\"><div class=\"gspb_backgroundOverlay\"><\/div><div class=\"gspb_row__content\"> <style>#gspb_col-id-gsbp-4533af0.gspb_row__col--12{width:100%;}@media (max-width:689.98px){#gspb_col-id-gsbp-4533af0.gspb_row__col--12{width:100%;}}body #gspb_col-id-gsbp-4533af0.gspb_row__col--12{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-content:center;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-row-column gspb_row__col--12 gspb_col-id-gsbp-4533af0\" id=\"gspb_col-id-gsbp-4533af0\"><style>#gspb_row-id-gsbp-b4a30c0{justify-content:space-between;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-b4a30c0 > .gspb_row__content{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto;width:100%;flex-wrap:wrap;}.gspb_row{position:relative;}div[id^=gspb_col-id]{box-sizing:border-box;position:relative;}@media (max-width:999.98px){#gspb_row-id-gsbp-b4a30c0 > .gspb_row__content{row-gap:20px;}}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_row-id-gsbp-b4a30c0 > .gspb_row__content{width:var(--theme-container-width,1200px);}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_row-id-gsbp-b4a30c0 > .gspb_row__content{max-width:var(--theme-normal-container-max-width,1200px);}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-b4a30c0{margin-bottom:0px;}@media (max-width:999.98px){#gspb_row-id-gsbp-b4a30c0{margin-bottom:80px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-row gspb_row gspb_row-id-gsbp-b4a30c0 gspb_row--gutter-custom-0\" id=\"gspb_row-id-gsbp-b4a30c0\"><div class=\"gspb_row__content\"> <style>#gspb_col-id-gsbp-56a8c3e.gspb_row__col--8{width:calc(66.66666666666667% - 25px);}@media (max-width:999.98px){#gspb_col-id-gsbp-56a8c3e.gspb_row__col--8{width:100%;}}@media (max-width:689.98px){#gspb_col-id-gsbp-56a8c3e.gspb_row__col--8{width:calc(100% - 25px);}}@media (max-width:689.98px){#gspb_col-id-gsbp-56a8c3e.gspb_row__col--8{width:100%;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-row-column gspb_row__col--8 gspb_row__col--md-12 gspb_col-id-gsbp-56a8c3e\" id=\"gspb_col-id-gsbp-56a8c3e\"><style>#gspb_heading-id-gsbp-9c25d83{font-size:48px;line-height:1.2em;}@media (max-width:999.98px){#gspb_heading-id-gsbp-9c25d83{font-size:50px;}}@media (max-width:689.98px){#gspb_heading-id-gsbp-9c25d83{font-size:35px;}}@media (max-width:999.98px){#gspb_heading-id-gsbp-9c25d83,#gspb_heading-id-gsbp-9c25d83 .gsap-g-line{text-align:center!important;}}#gspb_heading-id-gsbp-9c25d83{color:var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8,var(--theme-palette-color-8,#ffffff));}#gspb_heading-id-gsbp-9c25d83{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}<\/style>\n<h1 id=\"gspb_heading-id-gsbp-9c25d83\" class=\"gspb_heading gspb_heading-id-gsbp-9c25d83 \"><strong>What is Fullerene C60<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n<style>.gspb_text-id-gsbp-ced9188{font-size:18px;}@media (max-width:999.98px){.gspb_text-id-gsbp-ced9188{font-size:16px;}}@media (max-width:999.98px){.gspb_text-id-gsbp-ced9188,.gspb_text-id-gsbp-ced9188 .gsap-g-line{text-align:center!important;}}.gspb_text-id-gsbp-ced9188{color:var(--wp--preset--color--palette-color-8,var(--theme-palette-color-8,#ffffff));}.gspb_text-id-gsbp-ced9188{margin-top:30px!important;margin-bottom:0px!important;}<\/style>\n<div id=\"gspb_text-id-gsbp-ced9188\" class=\"gspb_text gspb_text-id-gsbp-ced9188 \"><strong><strong>Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene (C60) in 1985 by Kroto, Smalley, and Curl redefined carbon chemistry. As a truncated icosahedron with 60 carbon atoms, its unique symmetry grants it extraordinary electronic and antioxidant properties. This hub serves as a cornerstone reference for researchers and industrial engineers.<br><br><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<style>.gspb_container-id-gsbp-76c7e0b{flex-direction:column;box-sizing:border-box;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-76c7e0b.gspb_container > p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-76c7e0b.gspb_container{position:relative;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-76c7e0b.gspb_container{margin-bottom:0px;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-76c7e0b.gspb_container{box-sizing:border-box;}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_container-id-gsbp-76c7e0b.gspb_container{width:50%;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-container gspb_container gspb_container-gsbp-76c7e0b\" id=\"gspb_container-id-gsbp-76c7e0b\">\n<h2 id=\"what-is-buckminsterfullerene\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is Buckminsterfullerene?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Buckminsterfullerene, or simply C\u2086\u2080, is a discrete molecular architecture composed entirely of carbon atoms arranged into a hollow, spherical cage. It stands as the foundational member of the fullerene family, a class of carbon allotropes that also includes graphene, carbon nanotubes, and various higher fullerenes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"discovery-of-buckminsterfullerene\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The buckyball was discovered in 1985 during laser vaporization experiments simulating the extreme atmospheric conditions of red giant stars. Led by Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl at Rice University, this pioneering work permanently expanded the carbon allotrope family and won them the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"molecular-formula-for-buckminsterfullerene\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Molecular Formula for Buckminsterfullerene<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The chemical formula for Buckminsterfullerene is C\u2086\u2080. This signifies a closed network of exactly 60 carbon vertices connected via directional covalent bonds to form a perfect, soccer-ball-like sphere of alternating hexagons and pentagons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"structure-of-buckminsterfullerene\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structure of Buckminsterfullerene<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the molecular scale, the structure of Buckminsterfullerene is a masterpiece of geometric stability. Each of the 60 carbon atoms undergoes hybridization to form strong covalent bonds with three adjacent carbon neighbors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The carbon framework rearranges into a truncated icosahedron\u2014the exact geometric matrix seen on a traditional association football (soccer ball).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This closed network consists strictly of 12 regular pentagons and 20 regular hexagons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to geometric laws (like the Isolated Pentagon Rule), the 12 pentagons are essential to introduce the necessary curvature to bend the flat graphitic plane into a closed sphere.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This specific interlocking layout creates a highly stable, geodesic dome configuration with immense structural symmetry. Every hexagon acts as a stabilizing base, flanked by alternating hexagons and pentagons that force the structure to curve inward. At the nanoscale, a single C\u2086\u2080 molecule acts as a tiny, hollow sphere with an outer diameter measuring approximately 0.7 nanometers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<style>.gspb_container-id-gsbp-32bf3bc{flex-direction:column;box-sizing:border-box;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-32bf3bc.gspb_container > p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-32bf3bc.gspb_container{position:relative;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-32bf3bc.gspb_container{margin-bottom:0px;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-32bf3bc.gspb_container{box-sizing:border-box;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-container gspb_container gspb_container-gsbp-32bf3bc\" id=\"gspb_container-id-gsbp-32bf3bc\">\n<div><style>\n    .hk-arch-wrapper {\n        --brand-green: #2E7D32;\n        --text-main: #374151;\n        --border-color: #e5e7eb;\n        background: #ffffff;\n        padding: 60px 20px;\n        width: 100%;\n        box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n    .hk-arch-container {\n        max-width: 1200px;\n        margin: 0 auto;\n        display: grid;\n        grid-template-columns: 1.2fr 0.8fr;\n        gap: 50px;\n        align-items: center;\n    }\n    .hk-arch-content h2 {\n        font-size: clamp(28px, 4vw, 32px);\n        font-weight: 900;\n        font-style: italic;\n        margin-bottom: 20px;\n        color: #111827;\n        line-height: 1.2;\n    }\n    .hk-arch-content p {\n        font-size: 16px;\n        color: #6b7280;\n        line-height: 1.7;\n        margin-bottom: 30px;\n    }\n    .hk-arch-cards {\n        display: grid;\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n        gap: 20px;\n    }\n    .hk-arch-mini-card {\n        background: #f9fafb;\n        border: 1px solid var(--border-color);\n        padding: 20px;\n        border-radius: 16px;\n    }\n    .hk-arch-mini-card .label {\n        color: var(--brand-green);\n        font-size: 11px;\n        font-weight: 800;\n        text-transform: uppercase;\n        letter-spacing: 1px;\n        margin-bottom: 5px;\n    }\n    .hk-arch-mini-card .val {\n        font-size: 20px;\n        font-weight: 900;\n        font-style: italic;\n        color: #111827;\n    }\n    .hk-arch-image-box {\n        background: #ffffff;\n        border: 1px solid var(--border-color);\n        border-radius: 40px;\n        height: 480px;\n        display: flex;\n        flex-direction: column;\n        align-items: center;\n        justify-content: center;\n        padding: 30px;\n        box-shadow: 0 10px 30px -5px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);\n    }\n    .hk-arch-image-box img {\n        max-width: 90%;\n        max-height: 340px;\n        object-fit: contain;\n        transition: transform 0.6s ease;\n    }\n    .hk-arch-image-box:hover img {\n        transform: scale(1.05) rotate(1deg);\n    }\n    \n    \/* Mobile Optimization *\/\n    @media (max-width: 900px) {\n        .hk-arch-wrapper { padding: 40px 15px; }\n        .hk-arch-container { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 30px; }\n        .hk-arch-image-box { height: auto; padding: 40px 20px; }\n    }\n    @media (max-width: 480px) {\n        .hk-arch-cards { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n    }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"hk-arch-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"hk-arch-container\">\n        <div class=\"hk-arch-content\">\n            <h2>The Molecular Architecture<\/h2>\n            <p>The C60 molecule consists of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons, where no two pentagons share an edge. This &#8220;Isolated Pentagon Rule&#8221; (IPR) is critical to its high stability. Every carbon atom is sp\u00b2 hybridized, forming a perfectly spherical delocalized \u03c0-system.\n            <\/p>\n            <div class=\"hk-arch-cards\">\n                <div class=\"hk-arch-mini-card\">\n                    <div class=\"label\">Symmetry Group<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"val\">Ih (Icosahedral)<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"hk-arch-mini-card\">\n                    <div class=\"label\">C-C Bond Lengths<\/div>\n                    <div class=\"val\">1.40\u00c5 \/ 1.45\u00c5<\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"hk-arch-image-box\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/fullerene-c60-structural-diagram.png\" alt=\"C60 Molecular Structure\" title=\"\">\n            <div style=\"margin-top:20px; text-align:center;\">\n                <h3 style=\"margin:0; font-size:16px; font-weight:900; font-style:italic; color:#111827;\">3D Geometric Model<\/h3>\n                <p style=\"font-size:10px; color:#9ca3af; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:2px; margin-top:5px;\">Static Visualization Analysis<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<style>.gspb_container-id-gsbp-92381fa{flex-direction:column;box-sizing:border-box;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-92381fa.gspb_container > p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-92381fa.gspb_container{position:relative;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-92381fa.gspb_container{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:60px;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-92381fa.gspb_container{box-sizing:border-box;}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_container-id-gsbp-92381fa.gspb_container{width:50%;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-container gspb_container gspb_container-gsbp-92381fa\" id=\"gspb_container-id-gsbp-92381fa\">\n<h2 id=\"properties-of-buckminsterfullerene\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Properties of Buckminsterfullerene<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The unique cage-like architecture of C\u2086\u2080 gives rise to a compelling suite of physical and chemical characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"physical-properties\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Physical Properties<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are some of the key physical properties of Buckminsterfullerene:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Shape:<\/strong> A highly symmetric, hollow spherical cage consisting of 60 carbon vertices arranged in interconnected polygonal faces resembling a soccer ball.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Size:<\/strong> Extremely compact, featuring an outer molecular diameter of roughly 0.7 nanometers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Molecular Weight:<\/strong> Approximately 720 atomic mass units (amu).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Symmetry:<\/strong> Possesses exceptionally high icosahedral symmetry ($I_h$ point group) resulting from its uniform geometric arrangement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stability:<\/strong> Highly resilient; the covalent cage can withstand immense thermal energy and mechanical pressures without structural decomposition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electron Delocalization:<\/strong> Alternating single and double bonds allow for partial electron delocalization across the cage, dictating its unique optoelectronic profile.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrical Conductivity:<\/strong> While naturally acting as a semiconductor, its conductivity increases significantly when modified or doped with alkali metals, sometimes exhibiting superconductivity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Solubility:<\/strong> Entirely insoluble in water, but uniquely soluble in non-polar organic solvents, yielding a characteristic vibrant purple solution in toluene or benzene.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Colour:<\/strong> Appears as a dark brown or metallic black crystalline powder in its pure, solid phase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Density:<\/strong> Relatively light for a solid carbon crystal, with a mass density of approximately 1.65 g\/cm\u00b3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"chemical-properties\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chemical Properties<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here are some of the key chemical properties of Buckminsterfullerene:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Reactivity:<\/strong> Generally stable and inert under ambient conditions. However, the molecule is highly photo-reactive and can be activated by UV light or plasma to undergo various chemical transformations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Addition Reactions:<\/strong> Because the curved bonds introduce ring strain, C\u2086\u2080 behaves chemically like an electron-deficient alkene. It readily undergoes addition reactions at its double bonds with hydrogens, halogens, or free radicals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cycloaddition Reactions:<\/strong> The molecule frequently participates in cycloaddition mechanisms, allowing multiple carbon-carbon bonds to establish simultaneously on the cage surface to form complex fullerene derivatives.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Functionalization:<\/strong> The exterior of the carbon cage can be chemically modified or functionalized. This allows scientists to attach different chemical groups to its surface, tailoring its solubility and properties for specific applications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Reactions:<\/strong> Depending on the reacting species, C\u2086\u2080 can act as both an electron acceptor (electrophile) or donor (nucleophile) due to the high orbital degeneracy resulting from its symmetry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<style>.gspb_container-id-gsbp-a8f5be9{flex-direction:column;box-sizing:border-box;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-a8f5be9.gspb_container > p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-a8f5be9.gspb_container{position:relative;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-a8f5be9.gspb_container{margin-bottom:0px;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-a8f5be9.gspb_container{box-sizing:border-box;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-container gspb_container gspb_container-gsbp-a8f5be9\" id=\"gspb_container-id-gsbp-a8f5be9\"><style>#gspb_heading-id-gsbp-2773da9{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}<\/style>\n<h2 id=\"gspb_heading-id-gsbp-2773da9\" class=\"gspb_heading gspb_heading-id-gsbp-2773da9 \">Analytical Data Sets<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.gspb_text-id-gsbp-2c2e0e2{margin-bottom:40px!important;}<\/style>\n<div id=\"gspb_text-id-gsbp-2c2e0e2\" class=\"gspb_text gspb_text-id-gsbp-2c2e0e2 \">The C60 molecule consists of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons, where no two pentagons share an edge. This &#8220;Isolated Pentagon Rule&#8221; (IPR) is critical to its high stability. Every carbon atom is sp\u00b2 hybridized, forming a perfectly spherical delocalized \u03c0-system.<\/div>\n\n\n<style>.gspb-tabs *{box-sizing:border-box !important}.t-btn-container{display:flex;flex-direction:row;width:100%;align-items:center;margin-bottom:-1px;flex-wrap:wrap}.t-btn-container .t-btn{background-origin:border-box;list-style:none;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;margin:0;padding:11px 24px;cursor:pointer;position:relative;transition:all .4s ease-in-out;font-size:20px}.t-btn-container .t-btn .tabsubtitle{font-size:70%;opacity:.7}.gstabs-tabs .t-btn{border:1px solid transparent;border-top-width:2px}.gstabs-tabs .t-btn:focus{outline:none;}.gstabs-tabs .t-btn.active{border-color:rgba(206,206,206,.4);border-bottom-color:#fff;background-color:#fff;color:#333}.t-panel-container .t-panel{opacity:0;overflow:hidden;display:none}.t-panel-container .t-panel.active{opacity:1;display:block!important}.t-panel-container{margin-bottom:25px;overflow:hidden;padding:30px}.gstabs-tabs .t-panel-container{border:1px solid rgba(206,206,206,.4);background-color:#fff}.t-btn-container ul{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.gstabs-underline .t-btn-container .t-btn:after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;content:'';height:3px;width:0;transition:width .5s,left .5s,right .5s;}.gstabs-underline .t-btn-container .t-btn.active:after{width:100%;left:0;right:0}.gstabs-pills .t-btn-container .t-btn{margin:0 10px;border:1px solid transparent}.gstabs-vertical{display:flex}.gstabs-vertical .t-btn-container{display:block;width:150px}.gstabs-vertical .t-btn-container .t-btn{margin-bottom:10px;width:150px;border:1px solid transparent}.gstabs-vertical .t-panel-container{flex-grow:1}.t-btn-container .t-btn .gs-image{flex-grow:inherit;}.t-btn-container .t-btn img{margin:0;height:25px;min-width:auto}@keyframes gcwidthleftright{0%{width:0%}100%{width:100%}}@keyframes gcslidefromtop{0%{transform:translateY(-10px);opacity:0}100%{transform:translateY(0);opacity:1}}@media (max-width:689.98px){body .tabscroll .t-btn-container{overflow-x:scroll;flex-wrap:nowrap;scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;width:100% !important;white-space:nowrap;display:block;padding-bottom:15px}.tabscroll .t-btn-container .t-btn{scroll-snap-align:start;white-space:nowrap;width:auto !important;margin-right:10px;}.tabscroll .t-btn-container .t-btn.active{box-shadow:none!important}.gstabs-vertical{display:block !important}.gstabs-vertical .t-panel-container{margin-top:25px}.t-btn-container .t-btn{font-size:15px}}.gswipertabs{overflow:hidden}.t-panel-container .t-panel{width:100%}.t-panel-container p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}:root{--hk-primary:#2E7D32;--hk-border:#e5e7eb;} .gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 .t-btn-container{background:#f1f5f1 !important;padding:6px !important;border-radius:20px !important;gap:6px !important;display:flex !important;overflow-x:auto !important;scrollbar-width:none;margin-bottom:15px !important; position:relative;z-index:10;width:fit-content !important;border:none !important;}.gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 .t-btn-container::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;} .gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 .t-btn{padding:14px 28px !important;border:1px solid transparent !important;background:transparent !important;font-weight:700 !important;font-size:13px !important;text-transform:uppercase !important;letter-spacing:1px !important;border-radius:14px !important; color:#9ca3af !important;transition:0.3s !important;white-space:nowrap !important;box-shadow:none !important;} .gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 .t-btn.active{background:#ffffff !important;color:var(--hk-primary) !important;border:1px solid var(--hk-border) !important;box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.05) !important;} .gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 .t-panel-container{background:#ffffff !important;border:1px solid var(--hk-border) !important;border-radius:24px !important; padding:0 !important;box-shadow:0 20px 25px -5px rgba(0,0,0,0.05) !important;overflow:hidden !important; position:relative;z-index:1;} @media (max-width:768px){.gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 .t-panel-container{border-radius:24px !important;margin-top:10px;}}.gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 .t-btn-container{justify-content:left}.gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 > .t-btn-container > .t-btn{background-color:#f5f5f5}.gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 > .t-btn-container > .t-btn.active{background-color:#e5e5e5}.gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863.gspb-tabs> .t-btn-container > .t-btn.active{border-top-left-radius:20px;border-top-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-right-radius:20px;border-bottom-left-radius:20px;}.gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 .t-btn-container .t-btn{gap:10px}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-tabs gspb-tabs gspb_tabs-id-gsbp-e78a863 gstabs-tabs\" data-autoplay=\"false\" data-autoplaytime=\"4\"><div class=\"t-btn-container\" role=\"tablist\"><button class=\"t-btn active\" aria-selected=\"true\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" id=\"gspb-tab-item-btn-gsbp-e78a863-0\" aria-controls=\"gspb-tab-item-content-gsbp-e78a863-0\"><div class=\"tabtitlelabel\">Physical &amp; Electronic Constants<\/div><\/button><button class=\"t-btn\" aria-selected=\"false\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"gspb-tab-item-btn-gsbp-e78a863-1\" aria-controls=\"gspb-tab-item-content-gsbp-e78a863-1\"><div class=\"tabtitlelabel\">Organic Solvent Solubility Matrix<\/div><\/button><button class=\"t-btn\" aria-selected=\"false\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"gspb-tab-item-btn-gsbp-e78a863-2\" aria-controls=\"gspb-tab-item-content-gsbp-e78a863-2\"><div class=\"tabtitlelabel\">Combustion Advantage<\/div><\/button><\/div><div class=\"t-panel-container\"><div class=\"gswipertabs\"><div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n<div aria-labelledby=\"gspb-tab-item-btn-gsbp-e78a863-0\" id=\"gspb-tab-item-content-gsbp-e78a863-0\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"t-panel swiper-slide active\"><div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-tab\">\n<div><style>\n    .hk-tab1-wrapper {\n        padding: 50px; \n        display: grid; \n        grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); \n        gap: 40px;\n        box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n    .hk-tab1-title {\n        font-size: 24px; font-weight: 800; font-style: italic; color: #111827; \n        margin: 0 0 30px; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px;\n        line-height: 1.3;\n    }\n    .hk-data-row { border-bottom: 1px solid #f3f4f6; transition: 0.2s; }\n    .hk-data-row:hover { background: #fcfdfc; }\n    .hk-data-row td { padding: 18px 0; font-size: 14px; }\n    .hk-lbl { font-weight: 700; color: #6b7280; width: 50%; }\n    .hk-val { font-weight: 800; color: #111827; text-align: right; }\n    \n    .hk-insight-box {\n        background: #213631; color: #fff; padding: 32px; border-radius: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px;\n    }\n    .hk-orac-box {\n        padding: 24px; border: 1px solid #eee; border-radius: 24px; text-align: center;\n    }\n\n    \/* Mobile Optimization *\/\n    @media (max-width: 768px) {\n        .hk-tab1-wrapper { padding: 20px 15px; grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 30px;}\n        .hk-tab1-title { font-size: 20px; }\n        .hk-data-row td { padding: 12px 0; }\n        .hk-insight-box { padding: 24px; }\n    }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"hk-tab1-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"hk-content-left\">\n        <h3 class=\"hk-tab1-title\">\n            <svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2E7D32\" stroke-width=\"2\" style=\"flex-shrink:0;\"><polygon points=\"13 2 3 14 12 14 11 22 21 10 12 10 13 2\"><\/polygon><\/svg>\n            Physical &amp; Electronic Constants\n        <\/h3>\n        <table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;\">\n            <tbody><tr class=\"hk-data-row\"><td class=\"hk-lbl\">Molecular Weight<\/td><td class=\"hk-val\">720.64 g\/mol<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr class=\"hk-data-row\"><td class=\"hk-lbl\">Density (Solid)<\/td><td class=\"hk-val\">1.65 g\/cm\u00b3<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr class=\"hk-data-row\"><td class=\"hk-lbl\">HOMO Energy<\/td><td class=\"hk-val\">-6.1 eV<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr class=\"hk-data-row\"><td class=\"hk-lbl\">LUMO Energy<\/td><td class=\"hk-val\">-4.3 eV<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr class=\"hk-data-row\"><td class=\"hk-lbl\">Band Gap<\/td><td class=\"hk-val\">1.8 &#8211; 2.0 eV<\/td><\/tr>\n        <\/tbody><\/table>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"hk-content-right\">\n        <div class=\"hk-insight-box\">\n            <h5 style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 800; margin: 0 0 16px;\">Electronic Insight<\/h5>\n            <p style=\"color: #d1d5db; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin: 0; line-height: 1.7;\">\n                &#8220;The relatively small Band Gap (1.8eV) makes C60 an excellent n-type semiconductor, foundational for OPV and free-radical scavenging.&#8221;\n            <\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"hk-orac-box\">\n            <div style=\"font-size: 11px; font-weight: 800; color: #9ca3af; text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 15px;\">Antioxidant Capacity<\/div>\n            <div style=\"display: flex; align-items: flex-end; justify-content: center; gap: 8px; height: 100px;\">\n                <div style=\"background: #2E7D32; width: 35px; height: 100%; border-radius: 6px 6px 0 0;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"background: #e5e7eb; width: 35px; height: 40%; border-radius: 6px 6px 0 0;\"><\/div>\n                <div style=\"background: #e5e7eb; width: 35px; height: 25%; border-radius: 6px 6px 0 0;\"><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <p style=\"font-size: 12px; color: #9ca3af; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom:0;\">Relative efficiency: C60 vs Vit E<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"gspb-tab-item-btn-gsbp-e78a863-1\" id=\"gspb-tab-item-content-gsbp-e78a863-1\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"t-panel swiper-slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-tab\">\n<div><style>\n    .hk-tab2-wrapper { padding: 50px; box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; }\n    .hk-tab2-title {\n        font-size: 24px; font-weight: 800; font-style: italic; color: #111827; \n        margin: 0 0 30px; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;\n        line-height: 1.3;\n    }\n    .hk-table-container { overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; width: 100%; }\n    .hk-sol-table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; min-width: 600px; } \/* Reduced min-width slightly *\/\n    \n    .hk-row { border-bottom: 1px solid #f3f4f6; transition: background 0.2s ease; }\n    .hk-row:hover { background: #fcfdfc; }\n    .hk-row td { padding: 16px 10px; font-size: 14px; color: #374151; }\n    .hk-sol-th { padding: 16px 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 800; color: #9ca3af; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; }\n    \n    .hk-badge { padding: 4px 10px; border-radius: 50px; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 800; text-transform: uppercase; display: inline-block; white-space: nowrap;}\n    .badge-superior { background: #e8f5e9; color: #1b5e20; }\n    .badge-high { background: #f0f9ff; color: #0369a1; }\n    .badge-standard { background: #f3f4f6; color: #4b5563; }\n    .badge-low { background: #fff1f2; color: #be123c; }\n\n    \/* Mobile Optimization *\/\n    @media (max-width: 768px) {\n        .hk-tab2-wrapper { padding: 20px 15px; }\n        .hk-tab2-title { font-size: 20px; }\n    }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"hk-tab2-wrapper\">\n    <h3 class=\"hk-tab2-title\">\n        <svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2E7D32\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"flex-shrink:0;\"><path d=\"M2 12h20\"><\/path><path d=\"M7 12V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v7\"><\/path><path d=\"M12 22v-5\"><\/path><path d=\"M9 17h6\"><\/path><\/svg>\n        Organic Solvent Solubility Matrix\n    <\/h3>\n    \n    <div class=\"hk-table-container\">\n        <table class=\"hk-sol-table\">\n            <thead>\n                <tr style=\"background: #f9fafb; border-bottom: 2px solid #eee;\">\n                    <th class=\"hk-sol-th\">Solvent System<\/th>\n                    <th class=\"hk-sol-th\">Solubility (mg\/mL)<\/th>\n                    <th class=\"hk-sol-th\">Performance Rating<\/th>\n                    <th class=\"hk-sol-th\">Primary Application<\/th>\n                <\/tr>\n            <\/thead>\n            <tbody>\n                <tr class=\"hk-row\">\n                    <td><strong>1,2-Dichlorobenzene<\/strong><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"font-weight: 800; color: #2E7D32;\">27.0<\/td>\n                    <td><span class=\"hk-badge badge-superior\">Superior<\/span><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"color: #6b7280;\">High Concentration Stock &amp; R&amp;D<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n                <tr class=\"hk-row\">\n                    <td><strong>Carbon Disulfide ($CS_2$)<\/strong><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"font-weight: 800; color: #2E7D32;\">7.9<\/td>\n                    <td><span class=\"hk-badge badge-high\">High<\/span><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"color: #6b7280;\">Industrial Extraction &amp; Analysis<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n                <tr class=\"hk-row\">\n                    <td><strong>o-Xylene<\/strong><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"font-weight: 800; color: #2E7D32;\">5.2<\/td>\n                    <td><span class=\"hk-badge badge-high\">High<\/span><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"color: #6b7280;\">Standard Chemical Processing<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n                <tr class=\"hk-row\">\n                    <td><strong>Toluene<\/strong><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"font-weight: 800; color: #2E7D32;\">2.8<\/td>\n                    <td><span class=\"hk-badge badge-standard\">Standard<\/span><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"color: #6b7280;\">Laboratory Standard Reference<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n                <tr class=\"hk-row\">\n                    <td><strong>n-Hexane<\/strong><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"font-weight: 800; color: #2E7D32;\">0.04<\/td>\n                    <td><span class=\"hk-badge badge-low\">Low<\/span><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"color: #6b7280;\">Rinse &amp; Column Chromatography<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n                <tr class=\"hk-row\">\n                    <td><strong>Water<\/strong><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"font-weight: 800; color: #be123c;\">Insoluble<\/td>\n                    <td><span class=\"hk-badge badge-low\">N\/A<\/span><\/td>\n                    <td style=\"color: #6b7280;\">Biological Incompatibility Note<\/td>\n                <\/tr>\n            <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div aria-labelledby=\"gspb-tab-item-btn-gsbp-e78a863-2\" id=\"gspb-tab-item-content-gsbp-e78a863-2\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"t-panel swiper-slide\"><div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-tab\">\n<div><style>\n    .hk-tab3-wrapper {\n        padding: 50px; \n        display: grid; \n        grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr)); \n        gap: 40px;\n        box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n    .hk-tab3-title { font-size: 24px; font-weight: 800; font-style: italic; color: #111827; margin: 0 0 20px; }\n    .hk-prog-bar { height: 10px; background: #f3f4f6; border-radius: 50px; overflow: hidden; margin-bottom: 25px; }\n    .hk-prog-fill { height: 100%; background: #2E7D32; border-radius: 50px; }\n    .hk-prog-lbl { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 800; text-transform: uppercase; margin-bottom: 8px; }\n    .hk-cert-box {\n        background: #111827; color: #fff; border-radius: 32px; padding: 40px; \n        text-align: center; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; align-items: center;\n    }\n\n    \/* Mobile Optimization *\/\n    @media (max-width: 768px) {\n        .hk-tab3-wrapper { padding: 20px 15px; grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 30px;}\n        .hk-tab3-title { font-size: 20px; }\n        .hk-cert-box { padding: 30px 20px; border-radius: 24px;}\n    }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"hk-tab3-wrapper\">\n    <div>\n        <h3 class=\"hk-tab3-title\">Combustion Advantage<\/h3>\n        <p style=\"font-size: 15px; color: #6b7280; margin-bottom: 30px; line-height: 1.7;\">\n            Healthyking&#8217;s multi-stage combustion process achieves virtually zero metal residue in production, with ash content significantly lower than that of traditional arc discharge methods.\n        <\/p>\n        \n        <div class=\"hk-prog-lbl\"><span>HPLC Purity<\/span><span style=\"color:#2E7D32;\">99.95%<\/span><\/div>\n        <div class=\"hk-prog-bar\"><div class=\"hk-prog-fill\" style=\"width: 99.95%;\"><\/div><\/div>\n        \n        <div class=\"hk-prog-lbl\"><span>Metal Traces<\/span><span style=\"color:#2E7D32;\">Non-Detected<\/span><\/div>\n        <div class=\"hk-prog-bar\"><div class=\"hk-prog-fill\" style=\"width: 100%;\"><\/div><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"hk-cert-box\">\n        <svg width=\"48\" height=\"48\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2E7D32\" stroke-width=\"2\" style=\"margin-bottom: 20px;\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"><\/path><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n        <div style=\"font-size: clamp(24px, 5vw, 32px); font-weight: 900; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Premium Grade<\/div>\n        <p style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #9ca3af; margin: 0;\">Certified for Medical &amp; Electronics<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<style>.gspb_container-id-gsbp-ca60a57{flex-direction:column;box-sizing:border-box;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-ca60a57.gspb_container > p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-ca60a57.gspb_container{position:relative;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-ca60a57.gspb_container{margin-top:60px;margin-bottom:60px;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-ca60a57.gspb_container{box-sizing:border-box;}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_container-id-gsbp-ca60a57.gspb_container{width:50%;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-container gspb_container gspb_container-gsbp-ca60a57\" id=\"gspb_container-id-gsbp-ca60a57\">\n<h2 id=\"synthesis-of-buckminsterfullerene\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Synthesis of Buckminsterfullerene<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Manufacturing Buckminsterfullerene spans several methodologies, transitioning from early gram-scale lab synthesis to modern industrial lines. One of the classic and most common approaches remains the carbon arc discharge method, popularized by Wolfgang Kr\u00e4tschmer and Donald Huffman following the original 1985 discovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In an arc-discharge chamber, a massive electrical current is passed between two high-purity graphite electrodes under a low-pressure inert atmosphere (typically helium or argon). The intense electrical energy vaporizes the graphite anodes, creating a dense carbon plasma consisting of free carbon atoms and ions. As this vaporized carbon cools and migrates away from the high-temperature zone, the atoms naturally condense and self-assemble into stable fullerene cages. The resulting fullerene-rich black soot is collected from the chamber walls, dissolved in organic solvents like toluene, and purified using liquid chromatography to isolate pristine C\u2086\u2080.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<style>#gspb_row-id-gsbp-8668df9{justify-content:space-between;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-8668df9 > .gspb_row__content{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto;width:100%;flex-wrap:wrap;}.gspb_row{position:relative;}div[id^=gspb_col-id]{box-sizing:border-box;position:relative;}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_row-id-gsbp-8668df9 > .gspb_row__content{width:var(--theme-container-width,1200px);}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_row-id-gsbp-8668df9 > .gspb_row__content{max-width:var(--theme-normal-container-max-width,1200px);}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-8668df9{margin-bottom:40px;}#gspb_row-id-gsbp-8668df9{background-color:#111827;}<\/style>\n<section class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-row alignfull gspb_row gspb_row-id-gsbp-8668df9\" id=\"gspb_row-id-gsbp-8668df9\"><div class=\"gspb_row__content\"> <style>#gspb_col-id-gsbp-bf9d8be.gspb_row__col--12{width:100%;}@media (max-width:689.98px){#gspb_col-id-gsbp-bf9d8be.gspb_row__col--12{width:100%;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-row-column gspb_row__col--12 gspb_col-id-gsbp-bf9d8be\" id=\"gspb_col-id-gsbp-bf9d8be\">\n<div><style>\n    .hk-matrix-wrapper {\n        background: #111827;\n        padding: 80px 20px;\n        width: 100%;\n        color: #ffffff;\n        font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", Roboto, sans-serif;\n        box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n    .hk-matrix-header {\n        max-width: 1200px;\n        margin: 0 auto 50px;\n        display: flex;\n        justify-content: space-between;\n        align-items: flex-end;\n    }\n    .hk-matrix-header h2 {\n        font-size: clamp(28px, 4vw, 42px);\n        font-weight: 900;\n        font-style: italic;\n        color: #ffffff;\n        margin: 0;\n        line-height: 1.2;\n    }\n    .hk-matrix-header p { color: #6b7280; font-size: 16px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 0;}\n    \n    .hk-matrix-grid {\n        max-width: 1200px;\n        margin: 0 auto;\n        display: grid;\n        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n        gap: 1px;\n        background: rgba(255,255,255,0.1);\n        border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);\n        border-radius: 24px;\n        overflow: hidden;\n    }\n    .hk-matrix-item {\n        background: #111827;\n        padding: 40px 30px;\n        transition: background 0.3s ease;\n    }\n    .hk-matrix-item:hover { background: rgba(46, 125, 50, 0.05); }\n    .hk-matrix-label {\n        color: #2E7D32; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 800; text-transform: uppercase;\n        margin-bottom: 20px; letter-spacing: 1.5px;\n    }\n    .hk-matrix-row { display: flex; gap: 30px; }\n    .hk-matrix-col { flex: 1; }\n    .hk-matrix-col h4 { font-size: 22px; font-weight: 900; font-style: italic; margin: 0 0 5px; color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.2;}\n    .hk-matrix-col span { font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; color: #4b5563; text-transform: uppercase; }\n    .hk-border-sep { border-left: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1); padding-left: 30px; }\n\n    \/* Mobile Optimization *\/\n    @media (max-width: 900px) {\n        .hk-matrix-header { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; gap: 15px; }\n        .hk-matrix-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n    }\n    @media (max-width: 480px) {\n        .hk-matrix-wrapper { padding: 40px 15px; }\n        .hk-matrix-item { padding: 25px 20px; }\n        .hk-matrix-row { flex-direction: column; gap: 15px; }\n        .hk-border-sep { border-left: none; padding-left: 0; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1); padding-top: 15px;}\n    }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"hk-matrix-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"hk-matrix-header\">\n        <div>\n            <h2>C60 vs. C70 Comparison<\/h2>\n            <p>Detailed analysis for precision chemical selection.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"hk-matrix-grid\">\n        <div class=\"hk-matrix-item\">\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-label\">Molecular Mass<\/div>\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-row\">\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col\"><h4>720.64<\/h4><span>Fullerene C60<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col hk-border-sep\"><h4>840.77<\/h4><span>Fullerene C70<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"hk-matrix-item\">\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-label\">Electronic Absorption<\/div>\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-row\">\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col\"><h4>330, 404 nm<\/h4><span>Fullerene C60<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col hk-border-sep\"><h4>380, 470 nm<\/h4><span>Fullerene C70<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"hk-matrix-item\">\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-label\">Solubility Profile<\/div>\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-row\">\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col\"><h4>Baseline<\/h4><span>Fullerene C60<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col hk-border-sep\"><h4>~1.5x Higher<\/h4><span>Fullerene C70<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"hk-matrix-item\">\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-label\">Point Group<\/div>\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-row\">\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col\"><h4>Ih<\/h4><span>Fullerene C60<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col hk-border-sep\"><h4>D5h<\/h4><span>Fullerene C70<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"hk-matrix-item\">\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-label\">LUMO Level<\/div>\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-row\">\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col\"><h4>-4.3 eV<\/h4><span>Fullerene C60<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col hk-border-sep\"><h4>-4.1 eV<\/h4><span>Fullerene C70<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"hk-matrix-item\">\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-label\">Visible Color<\/div>\n            <div class=\"hk-matrix-row\">\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col\"><h4>Magenta\/Purple<\/h4><span>Fullerene C60<\/span><\/div>\n                <div class=\"hk-matrix-col hk-border-sep\"><h4>Red\/Dark Red<\/h4><span>Fullerene C70<\/span><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<style>.gspb_container-id-gsbp-8e4f25a{flex-direction:column;box-sizing:border-box;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-8e4f25a.gspb_container > p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-8e4f25a.gspb_container{position:relative;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-8e4f25a.gspb_container{margin-top:60px;margin-bottom:60px;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-8e4f25a.gspb_container{box-sizing:border-box;}body.gspb-bodyfront #gspb_container-id-gsbp-8e4f25a.gspb_container{width:50%;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-container gspb_container gspb_container-gsbp-8e4f25a\" id=\"gspb_container-id-gsbp-8e4f25a\">\n<h2 id=\"uses-of-buckminsterfullerene\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uses of Buckminsterfullerene<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thanks to its sub-nanometer molecular size and exceptional electron-affinity properties, Buckminsterfullerene is heavily utilized in nanoelectronic architectures like organic transistors and diodes. The various other primary applications of Buckminsterfullerene include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Targeted Drug Delivery:<\/strong> Functionalized fullerene nanoparticles can encapsulate pharmaceutical agents within their hollow cages or carry them on the surface, delivering therapeutics directly to targeted oncology sites to enhance efficiency and minimize side effects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Organic Photovoltaics (OPV):<\/strong> Fullerene derivatives function as premium electron acceptors in solar cell architectures, optimizing charge extraction, defect passivation, and long-term device stability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Advanced Tribology &amp; Lubrication:<\/strong> Known for their molecular roundness, fullerenes play a vital role in improving the lubricating properties of industrial oils, reducing friction coefficients by up to 60% in precision machinery.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hydrogen Storage Systems:<\/strong> Due to its vast surface area, cage-like structure, and high thermal stability, modified fullerenes are promising candidates for safe, high-capacity hydrogen storage matrices in next-generation clean-energy vehicles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<style>.gspb_container-id-gsbp-b9fee67{flex-direction:column;box-sizing:border-box;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-b9fee67.gspb_container > p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-b9fee67.gspb_container{position:relative;}#gspb_container-id-gsbp-b9fee67.gspb_container{box-sizing:border-box;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-greenshift-blocks-container gspb_container gspb_container-gsbp-b9fee67\" id=\"gspb_container-id-gsbp-b9fee67\">\n<div><style>\n    \/* 1. \u6838\u5fc3\u5bb9\u5668\u4e0e\u53d8\u91cf *\/\n    .hk-cta-wrapper {\n        background: #fcfdfc;\n        padding: 100px 20px;\n        width: 100%;\n        font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", Roboto, sans-serif;\n    }\n    .hk-cta-card {\n        max-width: 950px;\n        margin: 0 auto;\n        background: #ecf3ec; 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border-radius: 40px; }\n        .hk-btn { width: 100%; justify-content: center; }\n        .hk-badges { flex-direction: column; gap: 20px; align-items: center; }\n    }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"hk-cta-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"hk-cta-card\">\n        <!-- \u9876\u90e8\u5355\u4e2a\u56fe\u6807\uff1a\u6587\u6863\u5206\u6790\u56fe\u6807 -->\n        <div class=\"hk-cta-icon-box\">\n            <svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\n                <path d=\"M14 2H6a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v16a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V8z\"><\/path>\n                <polyline points=\"14 2 14 8 20 8\"><\/polyline>\n                <line x1=\"16\" y1=\"13\" x2=\"8\" y2=\"13\"><\/line>\n                <line x1=\"16\" y1=\"17\" x2=\"8\" y2=\"17\"><\/line>\n                <polyline points=\"10 9 9 9 8 9\"><\/polyline>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/div>\n        \n        <h2>Fullerene Data &amp; Procurement Center<\/h2>\n        <p>Get your lab-verified C60 technical data sheet (TDS) and certificate of analysis (COA) now. If you have bulk purchase requirements or need custom specifications, please click below to submit an inquiry.<\/p>\n        \n        <div class=\"hk-btn-group\">\n            <!-- \u4e0b\u8f7d\u6309\u94ae\uff1a\u66ff\u6362\u94fe\u63a5\u4e3a\u60a8\u7684 PDF \u5730\u5740 -->\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/coa-report-of-fullerenes-c60.pdf\" class=\"hk-btn hk-btn-download\" target=\"_blank\">\n                <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"><\/path><polyline points=\"7 10 12 15 17 10\"><\/polyline><line x1=\"12\" x2=\"12\" y1=\"15\" y2=\"3\"><\/line><\/svg>\n                Download C60 TDS\n            <\/a>\n\n            <!-- \u8be2\u76d8\u6309\u94ae\uff1a\u66ff\u6362\u94fe\u63a5\u4e3a\u60a8\u7684\u8be2\u76d8\u9875\u9762\u5730\u5740 -->\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/product\/fullerene-c60\/\" class=\"hk-btn hk-btn-inquiry\">\n                <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M5 12h14\"><\/path><path d=\"m12 5 7 7-7 7\"><\/path><\/svg>\n                Request Analysis \/ Inquiry\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- \u5e95\u90e8\u8ba4\u8bc1\u6807\u5fd7\u680f -->\n        <div class=\"hk-badges\">\n            <div class=\"hk-badge-item\">\n                <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2E7D32\" stroke-width=\"3\"><path d=\"M12 22s8-4 8-10V5l-8-3-8 3v7c0 6 8 10 8 10z\"><\/path><path d=\"m9 12 2 2 4-4\"><\/path><\/svg>\n                ISO 9001 Certified\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"hk-badge-item\">\n                <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2E7D32\" stroke-width=\"3\"><polyline points=\"13 2 3 14 12 14 11 22 21 10 12 10 13 2\"><\/polyline><\/svg>\n                RoHS Compliant\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"hk-badge-item\">\n                <svg width=\"16\" height=\"16\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2E7D32\" stroke-width=\"3\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"><\/circle><line x1=\"2\" x2=\"22\" y1=\"12\" y2=\"12\"><\/line><path d=\"M12 2a15.3 15.3 0 0 1 4 10 15.3 15.3 0 0 1-4 10 15.3 15.3 0 0 1-4-10 15.3 15.3 0 0 1 4-10z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n                Eco-Vadis Silver\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1171,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1969","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":{"has_hero_section":"default","page_structure_type":"type-4","vertical_spacing_source":"custom","content_area_spacing":"none","content_style_source":"custom","content_style":"wide","styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"[data-prefix=\"single_page\"] [class*=\"ct-container\"] > article[class*=\"post\"] {--has-boxed:var(--false);--has-wide:var(--true);}","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1969","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1969"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1969\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1171"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thefullerene.com\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1969"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}