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Fullerenes<\/strong> are a family of carbon nanomaterials built from cage-like molecular structures. Since the discovery of C60 buckminsterfullerene<\/a> in 1985, fullerenes have become important research materials in chemistry, nanotechnology, organic electronics, photovoltaic research, lubricant additives, coatings, cosmetic formulation research, and biomedical research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For most B2B buyers, three fullerene categories matter first: Fullerene C60<\/a><\/strong>, Fullerene C70<\/a><\/strong>, and fullerenols<\/strong>, also called polyhydroxylated fullerenes<\/strong>. C60 and C70 are non-functionalized carbon cages, while fullerenols are hydroxyl-functionalized fullerene derivatives designed to improve polarity and water dispersibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Research and procurement note:<\/strong> This article is for research and industrial procurement reference only. It does not provide medical advice, therapeutic claims, consumer supplement guidance, or regulatory approval guidance. Buyers should review batch-specific COA, MSDS\/SDS, application requirements, and local regulations before purchasing or using fullerene materials.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

What Are Fullerenes?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A fullerene<\/strong> is a carbon molecule or carbon structure composed only of carbon atoms arranged in a closed cage. The IUPAC Gold Book defines fullerenes as compounds made solely of an even number of carbon atoms forming a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system, typically with twelve five-membered rings and the remaining rings being six-membered rings.[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technical Note: Fullerene<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Fullerene<\/strong> refers to a carbon cage structure. It is different from graphite, diamond, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, although all are carbon-based materials. The word is linked to architect R. Buckminster Fuller because the C60 structure resembles geodesic dome geometry.[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fullerenes are commonly discussed as carbon allotropes<\/strong>. An allotrope is a different structural form of the same element. Diamond, graphite, graphene, nanotubes, and fullerenes are all carbon allotropes, but their atomic arrangements produce different physical, electronic, and chemical behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technical Note: Twelve Pentagons<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Closed fullerene cages generally require twelve pentagons, with additional hexagons depending on cage size. For example, C60 contains 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons, while C70 contains 12 pentagons and 25 hexagons. The isolated pentagon rule is often used to explain why structures with separated pentagons tend to be more stable than cages with adjacent pentagons.[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quick Comparison: C60 vs C70 vs Fullerenols<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Fullerene Type<\/th>Basic Structure<\/th>Formula \/ General Formula<\/th>Key Feature<\/th>Common Research or Industrial Relevance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Fullerene C60<\/td>Spherical cage<\/td>C60<\/td>Highly symmetrical buckyball structure<\/td>Advanced materials, organic electronics, photovoltaic research, lubricants, coatings, cosmetic formulation research, biomedical research<\/td><\/tr>
Fullerene C70<\/td>Elongated cage<\/td>C70<\/td>More elongated structure with different optical\/electronic behavior<\/td>Organic photovoltaics, molecular electronics, semiconductor research, advanced materials<\/td><\/tr>
Fullerenols<\/td>Hydroxyl-functionalized fullerene derivative<\/td>Often written as C60(OH)n or related formulas<\/td>Increased polarity and water dispersibility<\/td>Biomedical research, antioxidant-related laboratory studies, photodynamic research, water-dispersible nanomaterial research<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Fullerene C60: Structure, Properties, and Uses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fullerene C60<\/strong>, also known as C60 fullerene<\/strong>, carbon 60<\/strong>, or buckminsterfullerene<\/strong>, is the most widely recognized fullerene molecule. It consists of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a spherical cage. PubChem describes C60 as a nanoparticle with spherical geometry and a hollow interior composed of 60 carbon atoms.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basic Chemical Identity of Fullerene C60<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Common names<\/td>Fullerene C60, C60 fullerene, Carbon 60, buckminsterfullerene<\/td><\/tr>
Formula<\/td>C60<\/td><\/tr>
Molecular weight<\/td>Approximately 720.66\u2013720.67 g\/mol<\/td><\/tr>
CAS number<\/td>99685-96-8<\/td><\/tr>
Typical structure<\/td>Spherical cage, often compared to a soccer ball<\/td><\/tr>
Common form<\/td>Fine powder or yellow-brown to black crystals with metallic luster<\/td><\/tr>
Water solubility<\/td>Insoluble in water<\/td><\/tr>
Common solvents<\/td>Aromatic solvents such as toluene and chlorobenzene; carbon disulfide is also commonly referenced<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The molecular formula and molecular weight of C60 are widely listed in chemical databases and supplier references.[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technical Note: Truncated Icosahedron<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C60 is often described as a truncated icosahedron<\/strong>. This is the same geometric pattern used in a classic soccer ball: 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons arranged into a closed spherical cage. In C60, each vertex corresponds to one carbon atom.[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technical Note: sp\u00b2 Hybridization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Each carbon atom in C60 is bonded to three neighboring carbon atoms. This is commonly described using sp\u00b2 hybridization<\/strong>, a bonding model also used to explain graphite and aromatic carbon systems. However, C60 is not simply \u201cbenzene on a sphere.\u201d Its curved cage geometry, bond strain, and electron distribution make its chemistry distinct from flat aromatic compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key Uses of Fullerene C60<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1. Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

C60 is studied as a molecular building block in advanced material systems because of its cage structure, electron-accepting behavior, and ability to form derivatives. It is relevant in nanocomposites, functional coatings, polymer systems, and molecular material research.[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For buyers, key selection factors include purity grade, batch consistency, dispersibility, solvent compatibility, COA, and MSDS\/SDS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Organic Electronics and Semiconductor Research<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

C60 has been widely investigated as an electron-accepting material in organic electronics and thin-film device research. Its molecular structure and electronic behavior make it relevant for electron transport, charge separation, and molecular electronics studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technical Note: Electron Acceptor.<\/strong> An electron acceptor is a material that can accept electrons from another material in a charge-transfer process. In organic electronics and photovoltaic research, fullerene materials are often studied because they can participate in electron transport or charge separation systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For electronics-related procurement, buyers should pay close attention to high purity, trace impurities, batch-to-batch consistency, packaging cleanliness, and test method documentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Photovoltaic and New Energy<\/a> Research<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

C60 and its derivatives have been studied in organic photovoltaic and perovskite solar cell research. In these systems, fullerene materials may be evaluated as electron-transporting or electron-accepting components. Performance depends on the full device architecture, purity, film processing, formulation, and testing conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buyers should avoid assuming that a higher-purity C60 automatically guarantees better device efficiency. Instead, they should request batch-specific COA and confirm whether the material matches the intended research protocol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Lubricant and Coating Research<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

C60 has been explored in lubricant additive and coating formulation research. Its molecular structure has made it interesting for friction, wear, and surface interaction studies. Application performance depends on dispersion quality, base oil or coating compatibility, loading level, particle behavior, and testing method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n