The cutaneous interface is constantly exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is divided into UVB (290–320 nm) and UVA (320–400 nm) wavelengths. While UVB primarily targets the epidermis to cause direct DNA lesions, UVA penetrates deep into the dermis,…
Introduction The paradigm that fullerenes were purely synthetic materials was permanently altered in 1992. A collaborative study published in Science [257, 215 (1992)] by geochemist Peter R. Buseck and mineralogist Semeon J. Tsipursky from Arizona State University, alongside mass spectrometrist…
In the fields of chemical engineering and materials science, “continuous combustion” generally refers to a steady-state thermodynamic process where fuel and oxidants are continuously fed into a reaction chamber to maintain an uninterrupted flame and energy output. While this principle…
In the hierarchy of advanced carbon synthesis, the Arc-Discharge Method remains the gold standard for producing nanomaterials with near-perfect structural integrity. While techniques like Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) dominate commercial-scale volume, arc-discharge is favored by high-precision laboratories for its ability…
The global transition to sustainable energy has placed Organic Photovoltaics (OPV) at the forefront of materials science. Characterized by their lightweight, flexible, and semi-transparent properties, OPVs offer a versatile alternative to traditional silicon. In 2024, the field reached a milestone…
