In May 2026, the global photovoltaic sector witnessed a historic industrial milestone. Solar cell manufacturer Yingfa Ruineng successfully produced a large-format perovskite/back-contact (BC) tandem module delivering a record-breaking conversion efficiency of 26.78% and an extraordinary power output of 724 W.…
In the rapidly evolving landscape of clean energy, metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a highly disruptive alternative to conventional silicon photovoltaics, demonstrating a meteoric rise in certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8% to over 27.0%…
The cutaneous interface is constantly exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is divided into UVB (290–320 nm) and UVA (320–400 nm) wavelengths. While UVB primarily targets the epidermis to cause direct DNA lesions, UVA penetrates deep into the dermis,…
In the grand landscape of nanomaterials science, the fullerene family has consistently occupied the core of carbon allotrope research since its discovery in 1985. As one of the most thoroughly studied members with the highest industrial value in the fullerene…
Organic photovoltaics and molecular electronics represent two important directions in advanced organic semiconductor research. Organic photovoltaics, often called OPVs, convert light into electricity through thin organic semiconductor layers. Molecular electronics studies how individual molecules or molecular assemblies can participate in…
The US fullerene market stands at the intersection of advanced carbon chemistry, nanotechnology commercialization, energy material research, organic electronics, biomedical investigation, and specialty chemical supply. Although fullerenes were once treated mainly as academic curiosities, Fullerene C60, Fullerene C70, fullerene derivatives,…
Chapter 1: The Revolution of Carbon Allotropes: Discovery and Historical Significance Prior to 1985, the scientific understanding of pure carbon allotropes was largely confined to diamond with $sp^3$ hybridization and graphite with $sp^2$ hybridization. In September of that year, a…
The buckminsterfullerene structure is one of the most recognizable molecular architectures in modern chemistry. Often described as a microscopic soccer ball, the C60 molecule is a closed carbon cage composed of exactly 60 carbon atoms arranged into pentagons and hexagons.…
